YVO4_CASTECH INC.

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Crystals

Birefringent Crystals

YVO4

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YVO4
The Yttrium Orthovanadate (YVO4) is a positive uniaxial crystal grown with Czochralski method. It has good temperature stability and physical and mechanical properties. It is ideal for optical polarizing components because of its wide transparency range and large birefringence. It is an excellent synthetic substitute for Calcite (CaCO3) and Rutile (TiO2) crystals in many applications including fiber optic isolators and circulators, interleavers, beam displacers and other polarizing optics ( refer to Table 1).

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Table 1. Comparison of basic properties between YVO₄ and other Birefringent Crystals

		YVO₄	TiO₂	CaCO₃	LiNbO₃
Thermal Expansion（/℃）	c-axis	11.4×10^-6	9.2×10^-6	26.3×10^-6	16.7×10^-6
Thermal Expansion（/℃）	a-axis	4.4×10^-6	7.1×10^-6	5.4×10^-6	7×10^-6
Refractive Index	n_o	1.9447 @ 1550nm	2.454 @ 1530nm	1.6346 @ 1497nm	2.2151 @ 1440nm
Refractive Index	n_e	2.1486 @ 1550nm	2.710 @ 1530nm	1.4774 @ 1497nm	2.1413 @ 1440nm
Birefringence（ne-no）		0.2039 @ 1550nm	0.256 @ 1530nm	-0.1572 @ 1497nm	-0.0738 @ 1440nm
Mohs Hardness		5	6.5	3	5
Deliquescence		None	None	Weak	None
Transparency range		0.4-5μm	0.4-5μm	0.35-2.3μm	0.4-5μm

A reliable supplier of YVO4 crystals：

CASTECH is one of the earliest companies who have mastered the advanced growth technique of YVO4 crystal. Now CASTECH has completed its strong mass-production line that can provide：
• Various size of bulk and finished high quality YVO4 crystals up to φ35x50mm³ and φ20x20mm³, respectively；

• Large quantity YVO4 wedges and displacers used for fiber optical isolators and circulators, interleavers, in size of 1.25x1.25x0.5mm³ to 3x3x15mm³ to meet OEM customer’s requirement；

       •   Quick delivery；
       •   Very competitive price；
       •   Strict quality control；
       •   Technical support.

Table 2. Basic Properties of YVO₄ crystal

Transparency Range	High transmittance from 0.4 to 5μm
Crystal Symmetry	Zircon Tetragonal, space group D_4h
Crystal Cell	a=b=7.12Å，c=6.29Å
Density	4.22g/cm³
Mohs Hardness	5，glass-like
Hygroscopic Susceptibility	Non-hygroscopic
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	α_a = 4.43×10^-6/K；α_c= 11.37 ×10^-6/K
Thermal Conductivity Coefficient	//C: 5.23 W/m/K； ⊥C: 5.10 W/m/K
Crystal Class	Positive uniaxial with n_o=n_a=n_b, n_e=n_c
Thermal Optical Coefficient	dn_a/dT = 8.5×10^-6/K；dn_c/dT = 3.0×10^-6/K
Refractive Indices, Birefringence (Δn = n_e- n_o) and Walk-off Angle @ 45° (ρ)	n_o = 1.9929, n_e = 2.2154, Δn = 0.2225, ρ= 6.04° at 630nm n_o = 1.9500, n_e = 2.1554, Δn = 0.2054, ρ= 5.72° at 1300nm n_o = 1.9447, n_e = 2.1486, Δn = 0.2039, ρ= 5.69° at 1550nm
Sellmeier Equation（λ in μm）	n_o² = 3.77834 + 0.069736/(λ² - 0.04724) - 0.0108133λ² n_e²= 4.59905 + 0.110534/(λ²- 0.04813) - 0.0122676λ²

YVO4 crystal application：
YVO₄ crystals are widely used in fiber-optic isolators, beam displacers and optical circulators, etc.

1. Specifications of birefringent wedges for fiber-optic isolators:

Aperture	1.0×1.0 mm² to 4 × 4 mm²
Dimension tolerance	+/-0.05mm
Wedge Angle tolerance	+/-0.1°
Optical axis orientation	+/-0.5°
Flatness	λ/4 @ 632.8 nm
Surface Quality	20/10
AR-coating	R<0.2% @1550 or 1310nm
Standard Size	1.25mm × 1.25mm × 0.5mm with 13° or 15° wedge, phi=22.5°

2. Specifications of YVO4 beam displacers for fiber-optic circulators or interleaver：

Dimension tolerance	W (±0.05mm)× H (±0.05mm) × L (±0.1mm)
Optical axis orientation	+/-0.5°
Parallelism	＜15″
Perpendicularity	＜10′
Flatness	λ/4 @ 632.8 nm
Surface Quality	20/10
AR-coating	R<0.2% @ 1550 nm or 1310nm ± 40 nm
Standard Size	2.6×2.6×10mm³, θ=45°, Φ=0°